{"id":567,"date":"2013-07-22T22:19:42","date_gmt":"2013-07-22T22:19:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/16.147.243.36\/?p=567"},"modified":"2021-10-01T16:20:25","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T16:20:25","slug":"open-forum-james-n-green-on-homosex-and-revolution-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/open-forum-james-n-green-on-homosex-and-revolution-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"James N. Green on (Homo)Sex and Revolution in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Sexuality and Revolution: HAHR’s First Open Forum
<\/strong>Curated by Bryan Pitts, Duke University<\/p>

The editors of the Hispanic American Historical Review invite you to participate in an open forum on James Green’s article. Please post any comments below. You may access the full text of the article for free here<\/a>:<\/p>

The HAHR editors will host periodic online forums to invite debate among scholars and other interested readers on issues of critical importance to Latin American and Caribbean societies. The next forum will take place in February of 2013.<\/p>

Sincerely,
Pete Sigal, Jocelyn Olcott, and John D. French
Senior Editors<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

“Who Is the Macho Who Wants to Kill Me?” Male Homosexuality, Revolutionary Masculinity, and the Brazilian Armed Struggle of the 1960s and 1970s
James N. Green<\/p>

The Hispanic American Historical Review 92:3 (August 2012), pp. 437-469<\/p>

Abstract<\/strong>
Several thousand students joined small clusters of soldiers, workers, and others in revolutionary opposition to the Brazilian civilian-military dictatorship that came to power in 1964 and controlled the government for two decades. Operating underground, these left-wing activists engaged in diverse efforts to organize an effective guerrilla opposition to the authoritarian regime. Within their ranks, some militants who had homosexual desires faced a hegemonic culture of the left that considered same-sex sexuality a reflection of \u201cbourgeois decadence,\u201d an immoral aberration, and an affront to proper revolutionary behavior. This article explores how leftist Brazilians with homoerotic desires negotiated norms of compulsory heterosexuality and constructions of revolutionary masculinity in the 1960s and 1970s as they lived in the underground, among members of different political organizations while imprisoned, or in political exile.<\/p>

Resumo
<\/strong>Alguns milhares de estudantes se juntaram a pequenos grupos de militares, trabalhadores e outros em oposi\u00e7\u00e3o revolucion\u00e1ria \u00e0 ditadura civil-militar brasileira que chegou ao poder em 1964 e controlou o governo por duas d\u00e9cadas. Agindo em segredo, estes militantes esquerdistas se empenhavam em diversos esfor\u00e7os para organizar uma oposi\u00e7\u00e3o guerrilheira eficaz ao regime autorit\u00e1rio. Entre as suas fileiras, alguns militantes que tinham desejos homossexuais enfrentavam uma cultura hegem\u00f4nica de esquerda que encarava a sexualidade entre as pessoas do mesmo sexo como reflex\u00e3o da “decad\u00eancia burguesa”, uma aberra\u00e7\u00e3o imoral e uma afronta ao comportamento revolucion\u00e1rio correto. Este artigo analisa como os brasileiros esquerdistas que tinham desejos homoer\u00f3ticos negociaram as normas da masculinidade revolucion\u00e1ria nos anos 1960 e 1970 durantes suas vidas na clandestinidade, entre integrantes de diversas organiza\u00e7\u00f5es revolucion\u00e1rios enquanto presos ou no ex\u00edlio pol\u00edtico.<\/em><\/p>

Introduction<\/strong>
Moderator’s Note \/ Nota do Moderador: James N. Green has provided the following introduction to the article under discussion \/ James N. Green forneceu a seguinte introdu\u00e7\u00e3o ao artigo sob discuss\u00e3o. (Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o abaixo)<\/em><\/p>

“(Homo)Sex and Revolution”<\/strong>
Anyone attending S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s LGBT Pride march held in late June every year is immediately impressed by the swirling mass of people who crowd behind oversided sound trucks and dance to the rhythm of disco and pop music while moving slowly down Paulista Avenue. Organizers estimate that three million people have attended in recent years, making it the largest such parade in the world. From giant platforms perched high atop huge moving vans, drag queens, go-go boys, politicians, and lesbian and gay activists wave enthusiastically to the throngs below. Red flags of the Workers\u2019 Party (PT), the United Socialists Workers Party (PSTU), and the Socialism and Freedom Party (PSOL) flutter in the breeze, and banners of the most militant trade unions and national federations declare their support for lesbian and gay rights and denounce homophobia.<\/p>

From the number of Workers\u2019 Party candidates and elected officials applauding to the crowds below, one would assume that the marriage between the LGBT movement and leftwing politics was decades old, effortless, and without much history of conflict. That is, of course, not the case. In fact, the path toward an alliance between leading sectors of the LGBT movement and the Brazilian left has been long, circuitous, and wrought with conflicts and tensions.<\/p>

The essay \u201cWho is the Macho Who Wants to Kill Me?\u201d is an attempt to uncover one aspect of the history of the Brazilian left\u2019s attitudes toward homosexuality. Those who have read my first book Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil may be familiar with my articles on the history of the Brazilian LGBT movement. Those who are aware of my personal relationship to this movement know that the question of the Brazilian left\u2019s relationship to homosexuality has been an interest of mine for over thirty years. Prior to working on this article, however, I had not explored the ways in which the armed struggle left in the 1960s and \u201870s dealt with members of their organizations who had romantic or sexual desires for people of the same sex.<\/p>

Ivan Seixas, the main storyteller of the article, caught me by surprise with his openness in discussing the topic of homosexuality when I interviewed him for the first time about international human rights campaigns in the defense of Brazilian political prisoners. Although I have no doubt that the transformations that took place within the Brazilian left since the return to democratic rule have contributed to his seemingly nonchalant attitude toward same-sex sexuality, his recounting of his experience in prison also reveals the complexities and diversities of opinions that no doubt circulated within the revolutionary left in the 1960s and 70s. In doing research for a biography of Herbert Daniel, a former leader of the guerrilla movement who later was an important spokesperson for people with HIV\/AIS, I have discovered that the framework of a homophobic left versus victimized homosexual militants is an incomplete and unsatisfactory approach to the topic. There is a much richer story to be told.<\/p>

I look forward to this conversation that the HAHR has facilitated to continue a dialogue on this topic and its relationship to other issues as historians try to understand Brazil (and Latin America) in the 1960s, 70s, and into the present.<\/p>

Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>

“(Homo)Sexo e Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o”<\/strong>
Qualquer pessoa que assista \u00e0 parada LGBT de S\u00e3o Paulo no final de cada junho fica imediatamente impressionada com a imensa onda de gente prosseguindo lentamente pela Av. Paulista, andando atr\u00e1s de trios el\u00e9tricos e dan\u00e7ando ao ritmo de m\u00fasica disco e pop. Pelos c\u00e1lculos dos organizadores, em cada um dos \u00faltimos anos mais de 3 milh\u00f5es de pessoas compareceram \u00e0 maior parada deste tipo no mundo. Desde palanques gigantescos colocados em cima dos trios, drag queens, go-go boys, politicos e militantes do movimento LGBT acenam, entusiasmados, \u00e0 multid\u00e3o. As bandeiras vermelhas do PT, PSTU e PSOL tremulam na brisa, e cartazes dos sindicatos e federa\u00e7\u00f5es nacionais mais militantes proclamam seu apoio aos direitos dos gays e l\u00e9sbicas e condenam a homofobia.<\/p>

Pelo n\u00famero de candidatos e eleitos do PT aclamando a multid\u00e3o abaixo, poder-se-ia supor que a alian\u00e7a entre o movimento LGBT e a pol\u00edtica de esquerda tivesse existido faz d\u00e9cadas, sem esfor\u00e7os e sem um consider\u00e1vel hist\u00f3rico de conflito. Mas isso, naturalmente, n\u00e3o foi o caso. De fato o caminho \u00e0 alian\u00e7a entre setores principais do movimento LGBT e a esquerda brasileira foi longo, tortuoso e forjado em conflitos e tens\u00f5es.<\/p>

O trabalho \u201cQuem \u00e9 o macho que quer me matar?\u201d representa uma tentativa de recuperar um aspecto da hist\u00f3ria das atitudes da esquerda brasileira sobre a homossexualidade. Aqueles que leram meu primeiro livro Al\u00e9m do Carnaval: a homossexualidade masculina no Brasil do s\u00e9culo XX talvez conhe\u00e7am meus artigos sobre a hist\u00f3ria do movimento LGBT brasileiro. Aqueles que conhecem minha rela\u00e7\u00e3o particular a este movimento sabem que a quest\u00e3o da rela\u00e7\u00e3o da esquerda brasileira com a homossexualidade \u00e9 um assunto que me interessa faz mais de trinta anos. Por\u00e9m, antes de trabalhar neste artigo, eu n\u00e3o tinha examinado as formas com que a luta armada dos anos 60 e 70 tinha lidado com integrantes das suas organiza\u00e7\u00f5es que tinham desejos rom\u00e2nticos ou sexuais para as pessoas do mesmo sexo.<\/p>

Ivan Seixas, o protagonista principal do artigo, me pegou de surpresa com sua franqueza sobre o assunto da homossexualidade quando entrevistei-o pela primeira vez sobre as campanhas internacionais de direitos humanos na defesa dos presos pol\u00edticos brasileiros. Embora eu n\u00e3o tenha d\u00favidas de que as transforma\u00e7\u00f5es ocorridas na esquerda brasileira desde a democratiza\u00e7\u00e3o contribu\u00edram \u00e0 sua atitude aparentemente indiferente sobre a sexualidade entre as pessoas do mesmo sexo, seu relato da sua experi\u00eancia na cadeia tamb\u00e9m revela as complexidades e diversidades de opini\u00f5es que sem d\u00favida circulavam na esquerda revolucion\u00e1ria nas d\u00e9cadas de 60 e 70. Durante a minha pesquisa para uma biografia de Herbert Daniel, um ex-l\u00edder do movimento guerrilheiro que depois virou um porta voz importante para pessoas com HIV\/AIDS, descobri que a imagem de uma esquerda homof\u00f3bica posicionada contra militantes homossexuais vitimados \u00e9 um forma incompleta e inadequada para abordar o assunto. H\u00e1 uma hist\u00f3ria muito mais rica para ser contada.<\/p>

Aguardo a conversa que a HAHR est\u00e1 facilitando para continuar o di\u00e1logo sobre este assunto e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com outros temas enquanto os historiadores procuram entender o Brasil (e a Am\u00e9rica Latina) nos anos 60 e 70 e at\u00e9 o presente. (Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o feita por Bryan Pitts, com o conselho de Bruno Bessa e James N. Green.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sexuality and Revolution: HAHR’s First Open ForumCurated by Bryan Pitts, Duke University The editors of the Hispanic American Historical Review invite you to participate in an open forum on James Green’s article. Please post any comments below. You may access the full text of the article for free here: The HAHR editors will host periodic online forums to invite debate among scholars and other interested readers on issues of critical importance to Latin American and Caribbean societies. The next …<\/p>\n

James N. Green on (Homo)Sex and Revolution in Brazil<\/span> Read more \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-open-forum"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"es","enabled_languages":["en","es","pt"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=567"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8762,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567\/revisions\/8762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hahr-online.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}